Dr. PG Madhavan
developed his expertise in Data Analytics as
an EECS Professor, Computational Neuroscience researcher, Bell Labs MTS,
Microsoft Architect and startup CEO. Overall, he has extensive experience
of 20+ years in leadership
roles at major corporations such as Microsoft, Lucent, AT&T
and Rockwell and startups,
Zaplah Corp (Founder and CEO), Global Logic, Solavei and SymphonyEYC He is
continually engaged hands-on
in the development of
advanced Analytics algorithms and all aspects of innovation (12 issued US
patents with deep interest in adaptive systems and social networks). More at www.linkedin.com/in/pgmad
This blog is a coming together of a bunch of my past
blogs and my reading of a recent book by John Casti called “X-Events”.
PG Blog: “What
does ‘Emergent Properties in Network Dynamics’ have to do with Shopping?”; http://pgmadblog.blogspot.com/2012/10/what-does-emergent-properties-in.html?m=1
PG Blog: “Network
Dynamics & Coupling: Shannon’s Reverie Reprised . . . “ http://pgmadblog.blogspot.com/2012/11/network-dynamics-coupling-shannons.html?m=1
Book by John Casti, "X-Events:
The Collapse of Everything";
Reading X-Events book triggered ideas from some of my
past academic work (http://www.jininnovation.com/SoF.PDF)
combined with my present startup, “Syzen Analytics” (http://www.SyzenAnalytics.com/),
leads me to suggest an interesting way to create “pocket” X-events in Retail
Commerce via X-Event Marketing or “XM”!
Let us start at the beginning . . .
1. Shannon understood the importance of rare events
in conveying information. He sought a mathematical formulation to capture this
important property of our brains and came up with the definition of “entropy”.
As I had made clear in the original blog, this is a fictitious reverie I made
up to give one the guts to turn other valuable physical/ practical insights
into mathematical forms!
2. Similarly, from my past research in Neuroscience, I had some strong impressions
that have refused to go away despite the passage of decades. One is the
activity that precedes the most significant X-Event in each of our lives, Death! Unreplicated
and unpublished observations in our neurophysiology labs had shown that one of
the surprising events that happen before a mouse with brain in-dwelling
electrodes dies is the all-out firing of “complex spike cells” (which when the
mouse is alive and performing “place cell” tasks are painfully difficult find
and record). In other words, the “natural state” of the brain seems to be
excitatory and the work of a healthy
brain seems to be to assert control and coordination by keeping the *inhibitory
tone* high so that all hell does not break loose (by cells firing away with
no coordination or control). I speculate a regime-transition of the sort shown
below in death: the right-most picture is indicative of brain cells firing away
in an uncontrolled fashion (just before a major “X-Event”, death or epileptic
seizure) with the left-most indicative of a properly functioning brain (“nicely”
coupled). The next story will illuminate the idea of the middle picture where
the “system is uncoupled” with the system poised for all its energy to pile
into a single “mode” and create a major suppression of inhibition in the brain.
3. Following “Shannon’s approach”, how do I make
these intuitions mathematical? Let us look at the right-most picture. As I
outlined in my “Shannon’s Reverie Reprised” blog, everything is firing away and
the potential field will show up equally across the scalp, much like a single
“wavefront” that reaches all the regions of the scalp simultaneously. Imagine you are at a beach looking out to
the sea and gentle waves are rolling in – let us say in parallel to the beach.
If you are standing knee-deep in the water and look in a direction parallel to
the beachfront (i.e., up or down the beach), the spatial frequency in your
“look direction” (or the frequency of “corrugation”) is 0 cycles/meter! Much
like the ocean waves, the single wavefront of activity is nearly “constant” across
the distributed neocortex and its relevant strength can be thought of as the
power at zero frequency. I happen to know that power at zero frequency is
called “Scale of Fluctuation” or “θ” in random field theory. From the previous work of Eric Vanmarcke (“Random Fields”, 1983, with an updated edition in 2010), θ is
defined below. I refer you to my blog and academic paper mentioned at the
outset for the gory details!
Is Theta as powerful and useful as Shannon’s entropy . . . time will tell. As
you see in my academic publication, Theta does have some intriguing properties
in the case of 2nd order linear time-invariant systems which may
indeed prove useful in the future! Adding results from my simulation and data
analysis of machine tool chatter, my summary observation is that:
Large value of Theta can be good or bad. It indicates “Coupling”:
*good* coupling as a nicely functioning brain (or lathe) or a *bad* coupling as
in death (or chatter)! The key here is
that low value of theta can be a “predictor” of impending X-Event!
As you can imagine, if our speculation above holds up, we
may be able to predict X-Events (or Taleb’s “black swans”) such as 2008 Great
Recession or Tohoku earthquake and eventual tsunami. In the case of Tohoku, a
few extra hours of warning may have helped Fukushima engineers reach a
consensus and move the power generators to a higher location (thus avoiding the
nuclear disaster).
XM:
In this blog on X-Event Marketing (“XM”), my purpose is
different. I want to *create* desirable,
“pocket” X-Events to beneficial ends!
One of the preconditions of “interesting” dynamics in systems
is sufficient “complexity”. This can be taken to mean multiple actors with high
degrees-of-freedom, dense interconnections with linear and non-linear coupling
and in general, hard to analyze! One such natural system is the “shopper
network”.
A modern-day shopper is enmeshed in an ever-varying
network of preferences and influences (from friends and family) and embedded in
a network distributed in time and space – just the type of complex systems
where “interesting” dynamics can arise. We
want to create desirable “pocket” X-Events in the shopper network with the
purpose of increasing business value for the shopper or the seller or both.
This is the so-called “Purchase Funnel” that an individual shopper goes through when executing a product transaction. The marketing, merchandizing and offer activities are devised to impact the shopper at predetermined points of importance in the shopper’s decision making process. For example, a well-conceived offer delivered via shopper’s mobile phone at the point of “Desire” may precipitate a Purchase “Action” – a win for the seller (in this case both the retailer and the manufacturer of that product; for example, Walmart and Procter & Gamble, respectively).
This was one shopper. Now, you have to consider the
shopper being embedded in a network. At this point, it may be useful for you to
review my earlier blog, “Social Network Theory” http://pgmadblog.blogspot.com/2013/08/social-network-theory.html,
where Barabasi’s work in Network Graphs and the following terms are discussed:
1. Clusters (of friends who
“hang out”).
2. Weak links (to your long-forgotten
high school classmates).
3. Hubs (politicians and others
with massive number of contacts).
Clusters and hubs are some examples of the influence on
an individual shopper. There are many such shoppers, all interconnected, when
studying the dynamics with a view to creating a “pocket” X-Event. Even this
does not complete the complexity picture – the shoppers are distributed in
space (you are in NYC and your buddy from Seattle tweets about a cool product
that he bought) and time (good and bad product reviews reaches you at various
times and not in a synchronized fashion).
How do we capture the dynamics of the
Shopper Network picture shown above in a tractable manner so that we can
understand the dynamics and then track the effect of any manipulations we do in
the network so that we can close the loop to adaptively adjust our
manipulations to achieve a desired effect?
This is the essential question of XM. Of course, there
are other important questions such as the type and timing of manipulations
(Offers to selected customers? A country-wide branding effort? Is it a new
product or an existing one? And so on). As
a systems engineer, I will find a partner who is more qualified than I am in
answering the marketing questions; I will focus on Systems Analytics tools to
create a quantitative execution infrastructure to deploy marketeers’ ingenuity!
Engineers love scalars! I suspect it is because having a
single control variable is easier to manage than many. Probability theory is
replete with reduction to scalars – I am talking about mean, variance,
correlation coefficient, Entropy, Theta, . . . The full underlying information
is available in the joint probability density functions but they are a bear to
handle! So, we reduce it to a scalar – clearly, in the process, we have thrown
away MUCH information but what is left is what we plan to use; so our
justification for selecting and using a scalar for a particular engineering
task is very *operational*.
We will use the scalar, Theta, to answer Shopper Network analysis
and control question I asked a few paragraphs earlier.
Scenario: New Product Introduction
Procter & Gamble is going to introduce a new detergent
and wants to create a ground-swell of purchase interest (our “pocket” X-Event).
·
P&G introduces the product quietly and collects
the heat-map data from T-log data of their partner Retailers.
·
Sysan (our startup) processes the heat-map data:
total dollar spent each day on the new detergent, aggregated to a county for
all of USA.
·
Sysan calculates Theta (a single number) as the
baseline measure.
·
P&G Marketing has developed 2 major tools
for the launch of the new detergent: (1) nation-wide TV ad campaign and (2) a
10% cash discount for the first 1 million customers in US.
·
P&G runs a 1-week TV ad campaign and while
collecting T-log data.
·
Sysan monitors Theta for the week.
·
P&G suspends the TV ad campaign and starts
the cash discount offer.
·
Sysan monitors Theta and finds that Theta is
entering a “Decoupled” regime with low values of Theta.
·
Sysan advises P&G to resume the TV ad
campaign in an effort to trigger “bad” coupling among various counties of US.
· This pushes Theta into a high-value, the coupling between counties get tight
and a “pocket” X-Event occurs where there is a ground-swell of purchases of the
new detergent country-wide!
NOTE that in this fictitious example, P&G would have
pretty much done the various marketing campaigns that I speculate here on their
own. The KEY point is that P&G does NOT have a scalar (or any) measure to get
immediate feedback regarding their efforts, combined
for the whole country. The ability
to quantify “closed-loop” intervention is the value of our humble scalar,
Theta, in X-Event Marketing!
Clearly, what manipulations are best applied to the
network and when is an open question. Utilizing Theta, Sysan is developing
methods using “massive simulation methods” (for background, please see: John
Casti, “Would-Be Worlds: How Simulation is Changing the Frontiers of Science”) that
can predict the effect of various interactions at various instances of time and
points in space, thus providing guidance for the most effective use of vast
sums of money required for ad campaigns and discount offers.
Stay tuned for our initial results . . .
PG
